Fig. 9

Antiviral activity of nanomaterials for treatment of respiratory viral infection. A Antiviral mechanism of porous gold nanoparticle (PoGNP) against Influenza A virus (IAV): a PoGNP interacts with IAV surface proteins and cleaves their disulfide bonds. Inactivated viruses exhibit lower infectivity to cells, b TEM image of IAV, c PoGNP-treated IAV, c spherical gold nanoparticle-treated IAV, d AgNP-treated IAV. Reprinted from [210] with permission from Springer. B Antiviral mechanism of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) modified with oseltamivir (OTV) called as Se@OTV against H1N1: a Se@OTV-induced apoptosis in H1N1 infection of MDCK cells, b synthesis rout of Se@OTV, c intracellular apoptotic signaling pathways by Se@OTV in H1N1 infection of MDCK (Madin–Darby canine kidney) cells. All panel except B (a) reprinted from [214] with permission from Dovepress