Fig. 2

Nanoparticle characterization and nanoparticle physical stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. (A) Transmission electron microscope image of SDPN (left) and DPNs (lower right corner); Scale bar = 50 nm. (B) X-ray diffraction patterns of SL, LU, physical mixture, drug-free DPN, SDPN, and LU and SL co-loaded SDPN. (C) FTIR spectra of LU/SL-SDPN, SDPN, DPN (left) and luteolin, silibinin, sophorolipid, DPCP, DSPE-PEG2000, and PLGA (right). (D, E) Mean particle size of nanoparticles in simulated gastric fluid (D), simulated intestinal fluid (E), and PBS (pH7.4) (F). Mean ± SD, n = 3. Abbreviations: SDPN, sophorolipid-associated membrane-biomimetic choline phosphate-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid hybrid nanoparticle; LU, luteolin; SL, silibinin; FTIR, Fourier-transformed infrared; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)