Fig. 4

Nanoparticle intestinal and Peyer’s patch absorption and mesenteric vascular transport in situ in the rat. (A) Fluorescence intensity analysis of DPN and SDPN in jejunum after oral administration for 1 h. (B) Fluorescence intensity of DPN and SDPN per unit of Peyer’s patch protein after oral administration for 1 h. Mean ± SD, n = 3; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. (C) Transportation of SDPN into mesenteric vascular tissue after administration for 0, 30, 45, and 60 min imaged by two-photon microscopy. The mesenteric blood vessel area was circled by the dotted line. Scale bar = 100 μm. Abbreviations: SDPN, sophorolipid-associated membrane-biomimetic choline phosphate-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid hybrid nanoparticle; SD, standard deviation