Scheme 1

Schematic illustration of the sophorolipid-associated membrane-biomimetic choline phosphate-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid hybrid nanoparticle (SDPN). (A) Schematic illustration of physical stability in the gastrointestinal tract, rapid mucus diffusion, and improved endocytosis, driven by the dipalmitoyl choline phosphate-phosphatidyl choline interaction. (B) Regulation of the conversion of tumor-associated M2 macrophages into the M1 phenotype and the matrix barrier, as well as the reduction of angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment