Current and prospective strategies for advancing the targeted delivery of CRISPR/Cas system via extracellular vesicles

Table 3 Modification methods for EVs targeted delivery

Approaches	Methods	Targeting molecules	Cargo	Target cells	References
Genetic engineering	Conjugated with Lamp2b	Chondrocyte-affinity peptide	pDNA	Chondrocyte	[9]
	Conjugated with CD63	GFP	RNP	Target tissues for enrichment of EVs	[177]
	Conjugated with CD9	HuR	AntimiR-155 or CRISPR/dCas9	Liver injury cells	[29]
	Conjugated with CD9	CIBN-CRY2	Cas9	HEK293, HepG2 cells	[46]
	PDGFR	TNF-α ligand	Cas9	Solid cancers expressing TNF receptor	[141]
	Chimeric-antigen receptor	Antigen	sgRNA/Cas9 plasmids	B-cell malignancies	[19]
	Signal peptide	Inflammatory factors	CRISPR/CasRx	Acute inflammatory tissues	[51]
Physical engineering	Magnetic field	Iron oxide NPs	Therapeutic molecules	Magnetic field position, endothelial cells and neurons	[145]
Physical engineering	Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction	Tissue-specific microRNA, fat brown transcription factor: PGC1α	RNP	Ultrasound position, dermal papilla cells	[149]
Chemical modification	Multivalent electrostatic interaction	Breast cancer-targeted biological molecules	Cationic lipid-Cas9 protein	Breast cancer cells	[49]
	Aptamer incorporation	Cholesterol anchoring-TDNs	RNPs	HepG2 cells, liver cancer cells; xenograft tumour models	[22]
	Lipid/hydrophobic insertion	Cell targeted biological molecules	pDNA, Cas9 mRNA	Cancer cells, chondrocyte	[9, 18, 49]

ISSN: 1477-3155