Table 4 Artificial EV preparation for targeting delivery
EV types | Principle/mechanism | Engineered strategy | EV sources | Advantages | Disadvantages | Cargo | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artificially synthesised EV-like NPs | Top-down strategy | Extrusion, filtration, microfluidic device, nitrogen cavitation, sonication, cell bleb, etc | RBCs, WBCs, platelets, MSCs, cancer cells, and bacteria | Simple and controllable fabrication procedure; high purity; similar size, distribution, zeta potential, and protein markers | May cause biological function loss, hard to incorporate multiple components | Therapeutic oligonucleotides, chemotherapeutic drugs | |
EMs | Bottom-up strategy | Supramolecular chemistry | / | Easier to manufacture; safer; high yield and membrane integrity; mimicking the biological complexity of natural EVs | Low homogeneity and purity, less controllable preparation process | Drugs, therapeutic RNAs, and oligonucleotides | |
HEs | EVs fused/hybridised with lipid membrane | Microfluidics, sonication, freeze–thaw, extrusion, hybridisation | HEK293T cells, MDA-MB-231, chondrocyte | Easy and controllable production, adjustable physical parameters, prolonged circulation time | May lose biological functions of EVs, difficult fabrication and purification, low homogeneity and yield | CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid, therapeutic RNAs, chemotherapeutic drugs | |
EV membrane-camouflaged NPs | EV membrane encapsulating inorganic/organic NPs | / | MSCs, neutrophil | Maintain the complex structure of EVs, specific targeting, immune escape, high therapy efficacy | Low scalability, difficult fabrication, time-consuming | Proteins, therapeutic RNAs, bioactive lipid mediators, imaging agents |