Table 1 Nano-delivery systems containing PD-1 inhibitors

PD-1 antibody

PEG-PLGA nanoparticles

–

[88]

P-F4

PEG-PLGA nanoparticles

–

[89]

PD-1 siRNA

PAMAM dendrimers

Dual-mode CT/Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging

[66]

PD-1 siRNA

Liposomes

–

[91]

PD-1 siRNA

Layered double hydroxides, lipid-coated calcium phosphate

–

[92]

PD-1 siRNA

Liposomes

–

[35]

PD-1 siRNA, CTLA-4 aptamer

Polymer/lipid nanoparticles

–

[94]

PD-1 siRNA, PD-L1 siRNA

PLGA nanoparticles

–

[95]

PD-1 siRNA, PD-L1 siRNA

Lipid-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles

–

[96]

PD-1 antibody, OX40 antibody

PEG-PLGA nanoparticles

–

[97]

PD-1 antibody, OX40 antibody

Nano-in-gel platform

ROS-responsive

[98]

PD-1 antibody, CD47 antibody

Albumin-based nanocomposites

ROS-responsive

[80]

PD-1 siRNA, A2aR siRNA

Superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles covered by chitosan-lactic acid

TAT peptide targeting

[100]

PD-1 antibody, Curcumin

PEG-PDPA nanomicelles

Dual pH-responsive

[101]

PD-1 antibody, Zebularine

Hydrogel

ROS/pH dual-response

[102]

PD-1 antibody, 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan

Microneedles loaded with hyaluronic acid (HA) nanoparticles

–

[103]

Pembrolizumab fragments, SD-208/R848

PLGA nanoparticles

PD-1 peptide targeting

[104]

PD-1 antibody, Paclitaxel

PEG-PAsp micelles

pH/MMP-2 Dual-responsive

[79]

PD-1 antibody, Cisplatin

Microneedles loaded with liposomes

pH-responsive

[106]

PD-1 peptide, FePSe₃

Tumor cell membrane coated FePSe₃ nanosheets

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/photoacoustic imaging (PAI)

[85]

PD-1 antibody, Iron oxide, Perfluoropentane

PEG-PLGA nanoparticles

Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) peptides targeting

[109]

Hollow gold nanoshells, AUNP12, PD-1 peptide

PLGA nanoparticles

–

[110]

PD-1 antibody, Abemaciclib, Au

Silica nanoparticles

MMP-2 responsive

[111]

PD-1 antibody, Fe₃O₄,

SB-505124 hydrochloride

Leukocyte membranes loaded with Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanocluster

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/Magnetic targeting

[112]