Table 1 Overview nanomedcine per-clinical studies with design strategy and their advantages

Nanoparticles

arsenic trioxide

As-Ni PEG-PLGA coupled with DSS6 or F56

207.5-569.5

Target endosteal niche or vascular niche in the bone marrow; increase its loading capacity and controlled the drug release; be higher cytotoxic against K562 cells than free ATO and arsenic nanoparticles

[76]

RBCM-SA

163.2 ± 4.4

Reduce the toxicity and improve the anti-tumor effects;. realize the safe, effective, and sustained release of ATO; remarkably improve drug safety during medical treatment.

[81]

PEG-AS-RA

120.1 ± 72.3

Provide better biocompatibility and lower side effects;. be degraded by phospholipases to release As and RA contributing to therapeutic effect;. exhibit high water solubility and good biocompatibility; be highly stable in physiological buffers

[92]

FA-HSA-ATO

43 ± 5.1

Recognize FRβ⁺ CML cells, resulting in more intracellular accumulation of ATO;upregulate FRβ expression,facilitating even more recruitment and uptake of FRβ-targeting drugs; alleviate side effects and improve therapeutic efficacy

[82]

Au NPs

5

Increase the hydrophobicity of both cell suspensions; greatly decrease the peak potential of both cell lines; facilitate the cellular uptake of anticancer drug As₂O₃ into leukemia K562 cancer cells; inhibit the function of P-gp to improve the relevant drug accumulation in target drug-resistant cancer cells;enhance the cytotoxicity suppression of As₂O₃.

[86]

HHT

HHT-MNP-Fe₃O₄

11.2

Enhanced inhibitory effect; induce more extensive apoptosis in leukemia cells; make more pronounced cell arrests at G₀/G₁ phase; reduce the expression of Mc-1 and activating caspase-3 and PARP

[54]

GA + Fe₃O₄-MNP

Fe₃O₄-MNP

Promote GA-induced apoptosis in U937 cells;.The higher expression levels of caspase-3 and bax; down-regulate the expressions of bcl-2,NF-κB and survivin

curcumin

anti-CD123-Cur-NPs

181.27 ± 0.07

Improve the ability of curcumin to induce apoptosis;achieve greater bioavailability; improved anti-cancer potential;bind to LSCs

[99]

Partheno-lide

bone marrow directed multistage vector

MSV-PTL use approximately 40-fold lower dosage and 20-fold lower frequency than chemical analog of PTL (DMAPT) to cause the similar therapeutic effect; effectively release drugs to mouse BM enabling a low-bioavailability drug to kill AML cells; PTL was delivered in chemically intact form to the bone tissue; resulted in killing of LSCs; treatment with MSV-PTL indeed resulted in increased inhibition of NF-κB and elevated activation of γ-H2AX;facilitate delivery to the tumor niche

[100]

Solid lipid nanoparticles

berberine hydroch-loride

berberine hydrochlori

60.5

[101]

Nanoemulsion

GA

Tween-80, glycol, squalene

17.20 ± 0.11

Stable; obviously delay release effect; Compared with its water solution, IC50 of the nanoemulsion were 1.67 times and 1.98 times higher and LD50 of it was 1.26 times higher;. enhance its poor solubility and safety; improved anti-tumour effect

[43]

Berberine hydrochloride

Labrafil M 1944 CS, RH-40, glycerin, water

Relative bioavailability: 440.40%;significantly increase in intestinal permeability and reduce

efflux of BBH by the multidrug efflux pump P-glycoprotein; improve stability, oral bioavailability and permeability

[84]

berberine

RH40,1,2-propanediol, squalene

23.50 ± 1.67

Slowly release; enhance oral bioavailability; enhance permeation and prevent efflux of BBR; extend survival time

[44]

Nanoparticles

GA and RACC

glycol chitosan nanoparticles

160 ± 4.86

GA and RACC have the synergist effect; induced a remarkably higher apoptosis of cancer cells with ~ 28%;inhibits tumourigenicity and markedly suppress the cancer cell proliferation and metastasis; maintain the originality of GA without any degradation

[40]

Partheno-lide

PLGA-antiCD44-PTL-NP

162

Improved the bioavailability and selective targeting of leukemic cells; improve the chance to target the leukemic cells and not harm normal cells.

[59]

GA and magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4

MNPs-Fe₃O₄

Enhance obviously GA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in K562 cells; MNPs-Fe3O4-drug

delivery system can decrease the IC50 of GA and enhance apoptosis in leukemia cells;dramatically upregulated the transcription and expression of caspase-3 in K562 cells.

[102]

arsenic trioxide

MnAs@SiO₂-pHLIP

89 ± 4

Controlled release capacity; outstanding targeting ability

[103]

Nano-liposome

berberine hydrochloride

berberine hydrochloride liposomes

122 ± 3.5

Be interfered with glucose and lipid metabolism; prevent progression from hyperlipidemia to type 2 diabetes

[101]

viblastine

Lip-C6 with viblastine

Overcome resistance to Lip-C6 by de novo AML;restore proapoptotic sphingolipid phenotype

[61]

Arsenic trioxide

As (III)

100

Reduce the resultant acute toxic effect

[58]

Ginseno-side

PM coating DOX co-loaded biomimetic nanosystem

100

PM naturally adheres to AML cell naturally adheres to AML cells;promote cytotoxicity;enhance ROS production; extend half-life of the nanosystem; significantly enhance ICD effect and ignite the immunity system;prolong the circulation time

[104]

Nanomicelle

curcumin

poloxamer-407,PBS-pH 7.4

35.6 ± 2.7

Lengthen the half-life;higher cytotoxicity 3.2–3 times greater intracellular uptake to leukemic cells

[66]

Partheno-lide

PSMA100-b-PS258

40 ± 10

Increase the aqueous solubility;extend release of PTL over 24 h; control drug-cell interactions and promote intracellular accumulation through clathrin-mediated endocytosis;robust PTL loading

[72]