Fig. 3

The formation of ApoBDs. First, the rupture of the cytoskeletal plasma membrane causes apoptotic membrane blebbing and the loss of the phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane triggers membrane blebbing, which is thought to be regulated by kinases including the PAK2, LIMK1, and ROCK1. And then, the apoptotic membrane protrudes in different types, including microtubule spikes, apoptopodia, and beaded apoptopodia. PANX1 and PlexB2 have a major influence on their nuclear contents and size. At the later stage of cell death, the apoptotic cells are fragmented and ApoBDs are formed. Created with BioRender.com