Apoptotic bodies: bioactive treasure left behind by the dying cells with robust diagnostic and therapeutic application potentials

Table 1 Methods of apoptosis induction for ApoBDs production in vitro

Method	Specific agent	Process	Cells	Refs.
Chemical	STS	0.5–10 μM STS for 3–12 h	Mesenchymal stem cells, Neutrophils, and human T lymphocytes	[6, 72]
	ALN	500 μM for 24 h at 37 ℃	Bone marrow macrophages, preosteoclasts, and mature osteoclasts	[82]
	Etoposide	10 μM for 24 h	Human T lymphocytes	[83]
	H2O2	1 mmol/L for 12 h	Endplate chondrocyte	[8]
	Actinomycin-D	5 µg/ml for 12 h	Human T lymphocytes	[83]
	TNF-α	100 µM for 12 h	Human T lymphocytes	[83]
Physical	UV exposure	150 mJ/cm² UV for 10 min at a distance of 10 cm	Monocytic leukemia cells, T lymphocytes, promyelocytic leukemia cells, neuronal cells, squamous epithelial cells, and cervical epithelial cells (all from humans)	[33, 73, 74]
Physiological	Serum free culture	Serum starved for 4 h	Monocytic leukemia cells, T cell lymphoma cells, neuronal cells, squamous epithelial cells, and cervical epithelial cells (all from humans)	[33]
Physiological	Heat	56 ℃ for 30 min in a water bath	Human promyelocytic leukemia cells	[83]

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