Fig. 11
From: Extracellular vesicles: a rising star for therapeutics and drug delivery
Reprinted with permission from Ref [201]
a Schematic illustration showing the construction of engineered exosomes with independent modules and their cascading function for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) via the multistep targeting and multistage intervention method. The blue line represents the action pathway of the natural exosome module MSCEXO, while the red line represents the action pathway of the artificial module PMA. b Drug treatment schedule, pathological monitoring, and therapeutic evaluation. Downwards green arrow: the open field and pole test; Upwards red arrow: Morris water maze training; Upwards green arrow: Morris water maze test. c Representative tracks showing mouse movement in the open-field test. d Total distance traveled and average speed of mice in the open-field test (n = 3), as well as the time taken to climb atop the pole in the pole test (n = 3). e Immunofluorescence staining: cell nucleus (DAPI, blue), TH (green), α-syn (red), and GAP-43 (green) (n = 3).