Fig. 2

EVs isolation techniques. a Schematic showing the isolation method used for HF-EVs and AT-EVs. Reprinted with permission from Ref [63]. b EVs were collected in different fractions after Optiprep^™ density gradient separation (ODG fractions). Reprinted with permission from Ref [70]. c Set-up of a size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) column using a syringe. Reprinted with permission from Ref [73]. d Schematic showing TFF steps and the retentate, permeate, and feed for the three filters used in sequence: (i) 650 nm, (ii) 200 nm, (iii) 20 nm (namely 500 kDa). Reprinted with permission from Ref [79]. e Configuration of the miniaturized frit-inlet asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (FI-AFlFFF) channel with an enlarged side view of the channel illustrating the parabolic flow velocity profiles and equilibrium positions of sample components experiencing two opposite forces (cross-flow field and diffusion). Reprinted with permission from Ref [87]. f Schematic of the polymer precipitation strategy. Reprinted with permission from Ref [60]. g Schematic illustration of the designed modular microfluidic chip. Reprinted with permission from Ref [98]. h Schematic illustration of a streamlined workflow for the capture and characterization of EVs. Reprinted with permission from Ref [100]