Table 5 Strategies and doses of EVs for different diseases

Immunotherapy

Breast cancer

N/A

200 µg per mouse

Intravenous injection

[176]

Immunotherapy

Gastric cancer

N/A

5 mg/kg (100 µL)

Intravenous or intratumoral injection

[177]

Immunotherapy

Liver cancer

siRNA

N/A

Intratumoral injection

[178]

Immunotherapy

Pancreatic cancer

Galectin-9; siRNA

~ 10⁸ exosomes

Intravenous injection

[179]

Chemotherapy

Glioma

TMZ; DHT

N/A

Intravenous injection

[181]

Chemotherapy

Triple-negative breast cancer

DOX

N/A

Intravenous injection

[258]

Chemotherapy

Glioma

DOX

0.15 mg/mL (400 µL)

Intravenous injection

[182]

Phototherapy

Liver cancer; Breast cancer

N/A

50 mg/mL (100 µL)

Intravenous injection

[184]

Phototherapy

Gastric cancer

Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

N/A

Intravenous injection

[186]

Gene Therapy

Triple-negative breast cancer

Anti-miRNA-21;

anti-miRNA-10b

3 ~ 4 × 10¹¹ NPs (150 µL

)

Intravenous injection

[188]

Combination therapy

Glioblastoma

AQ4N

200 µg (100 µL)

Intravenous injection

[191]

Other

Lung cancer

Dinaciclib

200 µg

Intravenous injection

[173]

Other

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

N/A

NPC tumor-bearing mice: 30 µg/mouse

C666-1/NPC43 tumor-bearing mice: 20 µg/mouse

Intravenous or intraperitoneal injection

[194]

Other

Glioblastoma

Verrucarin A (Ver-A)

N/A

Intravenous injection

[195]

Gene therapy

Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)

3 × 10⁹ particles/10 µL/mouse

Intranasal injection

[200]

Gene therapy

PD

Anti-TNF-α antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)

2.7 × 10⁹ particles

Intravenous injection

[202]

Gene therapy

PD

shRNA Minicircles

150 µg (100 µL)

Intravenous injection

[204]

Other

PD

N/A

N/A

Intravenous injection

[201]

Gene therapy

Bone regeneration

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) gene

50 µg (1.8 µg/µL)

In situ injection into the bone defect

[212]

Other

Periodontal disease

Minocycline

230 µg sEV

Injection into the site of defect

[209]

Other

Hair loss

N/A

200 µg Milk-exo in 100 µL saline

Intradermal injection

[210]

Other

Wound healing

N/A

100 µg (100 µL)

Subcutaneous injection

[211]

Other

Bone regeneration

N/A

50 µg/per cranial defect

Implantation into the defect

[213]

Other

Shoulder stiffness (SS)

N/A

50 µL EV (20 µg/mL or 50 µg/ml, equal

to final particle from 1.2 × 10⁸ to 3 × 10⁸)

Intra-articular injection

[216]

Other

Inflammation

Piceatannol

N/A

Intravenous injection

[217]

Other

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Dexamethasone sodium phosphate

N/A

Intravenous injection

[218]