Table 3 The application of nanomaterials in combination with antibacterial and antiviral drugs in the treatment of ocular diseases
From: Next-generation nanomaterials: advancing ocular anti-inflammatory drug therapy
Antibacteria & antiviral drugs | Nanomaterials | Size (nm) | Production method | Cells (in vitro) | Animals (in vivo) | Administration route | Characteristics and effects | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flucytosine | AuNPs and F6 nanoliposomes | 135.1 ± 12.0 | Thin film hydration method | Cellulose membrane system | C. albicans-induced fungal endophthalmitis in rabbits | Eye drops | Flucytosine-loaded AuNPs and recipe F6 nanoliposomes exhibited the highest intraocular penetration depth of intraocular penetration and a potent antifungal effect | [207] |
VRC | PBA-CS-VE nanomicelles | 113 ± 5 | Ethanol injectionmethod | HCE-T cells and cellulose membrane system | C. albicans-induced fungal keratitis in rabbits | Eye drops | VRC-loaded PBA-CS-VE nanomicelles exhibited robust mucoadhesive properties, remarkable corneal penetration ability, and prolonged retention in the anterior ocular segment | [208] |
VRC | Glyceryl behenate/capric caprylic triglyceride, P80, sorbitan trioleate, and cetylpyridinium chloride NLCs | 250.2 ± 03.1 | Microemulsion method | Isolated corneas of pigs and HET-CAM test | – | Eye drops | VRC-loaded NLCs exhibited a high drug encapsulation efficiency and enhanced drug delivery to the cornea | [209] |
Fluconazole | Liposomes | – | Reverse-phase evaporation method | – | C. albicans-induced fungal keratitis in rabbits | Eye drops | Fluconazole-loaded liposomes exhibited a superior antibacterial effect compared to the conventional fluconazole solution | [210] |
T-HCL | Isopropyl myristate/Miglyol 812, Tween 80/Cremophor EL, and polyethylene glycol 400 nanoemulsions gels |  < 30 | Water titration method | - | C. albicans-induced fungal keratitis in rabbits | Eye drops | T-HCL-loaded sterilized F31 formula in situ NE gel exhibited minimal eye irritation, elevated Cmax, extended time to reach Tmax, prolonged MRT, and enhanced bioavailability | [211] |
Ciprofloxacin | SA, DP, Soybean PC, CH, and Carbopol 940 liposomal hydrogel | – | Reverse-phase evaporation method | Isolated corneas of rabbits | – | Eye drops | Ciprofloxacin-loaded liposomal hydrogel composed of PC/CH at a molar ratio of 5:3 exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency. Ciprofloxacin-loaded liposomal hydrogel composed of PC, CH, and SA at molar ratio 5:3:1 exhibited the best penetration effect in the cornea | [212] |
Levofloxacin | Stearic acid, Tween 80, and sodium deoxycholate SLNs | 2.237 | Box-Behnken design optimization method | E. coli and S. aureus, solate corneas of goats, and HET-CAM test | – | Eye drops | Levofloxacin-loaded SLNs exhibited rapid attainment of effective drug concentrations in excised goat corneas, sustained drug release, no eye irritation, and inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli | [213] |
OFX | COL, PEG 400, and glycerin NLCs | 153.5 ± 2.3 | High shear homogenization method | Isolated corneas of rabbits | Staphylococcus aureus-induced keratitis in rabbits | Eye drops | OFX-loaded NLCs supplemented with glycerol (Ins3OFX) exhibited enhanced biocompatibility, prolonged retention time in the eye, and increased Cmax | [214] |
Daptomycin | CS-NPs | 200 | Ionotropric gelation method | STF | – | – | Daptomycin-loaded CS-NPs exhibited interactions with mucin to increase residence time in the eye and potent bacterial inhibition in in vitro buffer solution experiments | [215] |
BSF | CTAB-CNLCs | 98.04–230.12 | Simple melt emulsification method | Conjunctival fibroblasts | – | Eye drops | BSF-loaded CTAB-CNLCs exhibited favorable penetration through the 3D tissue model, non-cytotoxicity, and physical stability | [216] |
Moxifloxacin hydrochloride | HA-LCS-NPs | 141.1 ± 4.29 | Iionotropic gelation method | Isolated corneas of rabbits and cellulose membrane system | Rabbits | Eye drops | Moxifloxacin hydrochloride-loaded HA-LCS-NPs exhibited elevated bioavailability, minimal eye irritation, and high MRT, AUC0-6 h, and Papp values than those of commercially available products | [217] |
Acyclovir | Cyclodextrin and PVP nanofibers | 370–505 | Water titration method | Artificial saliva | – | – | Acyclovir-loaded cyclodextrin nanofibers exhibited highly water solubility and rapid dissolution | [218] |
Acyclovir and ciprofloxacin | PVP and PCL electrospun nanofibers | 267–932 | – | PK-Eye model | – | Intravitreal injections | Acyclovir and ciprofloxacin-loaded PCL electrospun nanofibers exhibited sustained drug release | [219] |