Table 4 The application of nanomaterials in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of ocular diseases
From: Next-generation nanomaterials: advancing ocular anti-inflammatory drug therapy
NSAIDs | Nanomaterials | Size (nm) | Production method | Cells (in vitro) | Animals (in vivo) | Administration route | Characteristics and effects | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indomethacin | SLN, CS-SLNs and NLCs | 226–265 | Hot homogenization method | Valia-Chien cells and isolated corneas from Pel-Freez Biologicals | Rabbits | Eye drops | Indomethacin-loaded CS-SLNs exhibited enhanced ocular permeability and high drug concentrations in all tested eye tissues | [224] |
Indomethacin | CS-NPs and CS-nanoemulsions | 280 and 220–690 | Spontaneous emulsification method |  | NaOH-induced corneal ulcers in rabbits | Eye drops | Indomethacin-loaded CS-nanoemulsions exhibited high drug concentrations within intraocular structures and moderate but significant inhibition of PMNL | [225] |
Indomethacin | Poloxamer 188, Tween 80, and compritol® 888 ATO SLNs | 140 | Hot homogenization method | Isolated corneas from Pel-Freez Biologicals | – | Eye drops | Indomethacin-loaded SLNs exhibited excellent chemical stability and increased corneal permeability | [226] |
Ibuprofen | Pluronic® F-127 NLCs |  < 200 | Melt- emulsification and ultrasonication method | Y-79 | – | Eye drops | Ibuprofen-loaded NLCs with Pluronic® F-127 exhibited no observed cytotoxicity and sustained drug release | [227] |
FB | Poloxamer 188 and Poly(lactic/glycolic) acid NPs | 232.8 and 277.6 | Solvent displacement method | Cellulose membrane system | SA-induced keratoconjunctivitis in rabbits | Eye drops | FB-loaded Poly(lactic/glycolic) acid NPs exhibited excellent embedding efficiency, favorable cellular tolerance in ocular tissue, anti-inflammatory efficacy, and sustained drug release | [228] |
FB | COS-NLCs | 77.9 ± 2.4 | Melt-ultrasonic method | Isolated corneas of rabbits | Rabbits | Eye drops | FB-loaded COS-NLCs exhibited robust ocular bioadhesion, efficient corneal penetration, and slow drug clearance | [229] |
Bromfenac sodium | ChS-CS-NPs | 245.6 ± 14.22 | Ionic gelation method | Isolated corneas of goats, STF and HET-CAM test | – | Eye drops | Bromfenac sodium-loaded ChS-CS-NPs exhibited remarkable corneal penetration, commendable corneal retention, and excellent intraocular tolerance | [230] |
Dexibuprofen | PEGylated PLGA nanospheres |  < 200 | Solvent displacement method | Y-79, isolated corneas and scleras of rabbits, and cellulose membrane system | SA-induced ocular inflammation in rabbits | Eye drops | Dexibuprofen-loaded PEGylated PLGA nanospheres exhibited enhanced drug retention and penetration in the isolated corneal tissue, favorable cellular tolerance, and potent anti-inflammatory effects | [231] |
Dexibuprofen | Poly (ethylene oxide)-poly (propylene oxide) polymeric nanomicelles | 169.45 | Direct equilibrium method | Cellulose membrane system | Rabbits | Eye drops | Dexibuprofen-loaded mixed polymeric nanomicelles exhibited enhanced drug solubility, no eye irritation, and favorable permeability | [232] |
Diclofenac sodium | Homolipid and phospholipid SLNs | 100–250 | – | HENC and CEPI 17 CL 4 | – | Eye drops | Diclofenac sodium-loaded homolipid and phospholipid SLNs exhibited high encapsulation efficiency, sustained drug release, and robust corneal permeability | [233] |
Diclofenac | Polyvinyl alcohol liposomes | 287 | Calcium acetate gradient method | Cellulose membrane system | Rabbits | Eye drops | Diclofenac-loaded polyvinyl alcohol liposomes exhibited higher drug concentrations in the retina and choroid | [234] |
Nepafenac | NP-NLC-Gel NPs | 92.42 ± 3.46 | Melt emulsification method | Isolated corneas of rabbits | Rabbits | Eye drops | Nepafenac-loaded NP-NLC-Gel NPs exhibited a high apparent permeability coefficient and a high drug concentration in tear fluid and aqueous humor | [235] |
Diclofenac acid | Oil phase, Tween 80, and glycerin microemulsions | 220–480 | – | Cellulose membrane system | – | Eye drops | Diclofenac acid-loaded microemulsions exhibited excellent stability and sustained drug release | [236] |
Ibuprofen | Gelucire 44/14 NLCs | 80.6–160.1 | Melted-ultrasonic method | Franz-type cells and isolated corneas of rabbits | – | Eye drops | Ibuprofen-loaded NLCs exhibited enhanced corneal permeability, high Papp and AUC values, and prolonged retention time in the cornea. | [237] |