Fig. 1

Cold exposure protected against MAC in a VD-induced mouse model. (a) The schematic flow diagram represents the in vivo treatment of CT or RT in the VD-treated mouse model (n = 6 per group). ARS-stained sections from thoracic aorta (b) and quantitation of positive staining area (c) are shown. The black scale bar is 200 μm. (d) Vascular calcium content measurement. (e) Experimental design of the VD-induced vascular calcification mouse model treated with PBS, CT plasma or CT-Exo^free plasma by intravenous injection (n = 6 per group). ARS-stained sections from thoracic aorta (f) and quantitation of the positive staining area (g) are shown. The black scale bar is 200 μm. (h) Calcium content of the thoracic aorta. (i) Schematic flow diagram represented the in vivo treatment of CT with or without GW4869 in the VD-induced mice model (n = 6 per group). Evaluation of the effect of pre-treatment of the exosome blocker GW4869 on arterial calcification induced by VD calcified mice in CT treatment. ARS staining (j, l) and RUNX2 expression (k, n) analysis of paraffin-embedded vascular tissue from mice. (m) Vascular calcium content measurement. The black scale bar is 200 μm and the blue scale bar is 50 μm. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation with three replicates for each group. The data were analysed with Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni post hoc test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001