Fig. 7
From: Cracking the intestinal lymphatic system window utilizing oral delivery vehicles for precise therapy
(a) The transit of polymeric NPs or polymerized liposomes that target M cells at the intestinal epithelium. Various ligands, such as lectins, microbial adhesins, and antibodies, are utilized in the process of modifying vaccine delivery systems in order to enhance antigen absorption and target receptors located on the apical surface of M cells. (b) Morphological properties of polymeric MPs were studied using a Canning electron microscopy. These polymeric MPs transported an antigen linked with a peptide that targets M cells (M-BmpB) to the mucosa of the digestive tract. (c) In comparison to naked BmpB, the adherence of M-BmpB was much higher in the FAE area of the PPs. Antigens that have been tagged with FITC are shown in green, while cell nuclei that have been labeled with DAPI are shown in blue. (d and e) Strong IgA and IgG antibody responses were elicited following oral vaccination with a vaccine that targets M cells. Panel an is presented here in an authorized reproduction [108]