Table 3 Active-target ligands and the receptors and transporters that are specifically associated with them on M cells and enterocytes

M cell

Claudin 4

CPE

[145, 146]

UEA-1 or AAL

α-1,2 fucosylation

[147]

β-glucans

Dectin-1

[148, 149]

FimH (E. coli, Salmonella)

Glycoprotein 2

[150, 151]

Peptide Co-1 or Omph (Yersinia)

C5aR

[152]

LPS

TLR-4

RGD or Mannose

β1 integrins

[153]

Lipotechoic Acid

TLR-2

[154, 155]

CKS9

EGF-A

[156]

Enterocyte

Biotin

Biotin receptor

[157]

Folic acid

Folic acid receptor

[158]

Lectin

Lectin receptor

[159]

Glycocholic acid

ASBT

[160, 161]

Albumin

FcRn

[162]

L-valine

Oligopeptide transporter

[163]

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 receptor

[164]

Dextran

Dextran-binding receptor

[165, 166]