Table 1 Bioactive hydrogels that prepared from different materials

DNA

DNA–nSi Nanocomposite Hydrogel

Electrostatic Interactions

Drug delivery system for bone regeneration

Injectable, sustained-release therapeutic properties

[63]

DNA-OA Hydrogel

Electrostatic Interactions,reversible imine linkages

Drug delivery system for bone regeneration

Sustained-release properties of the drug. Injectability

[64]

AuNP-DNA hydrogel

Base complementation

Photothermal immunotherapy for tumors

Safety, injectability, biodegradability, ability to stimulate innate immunity

[65]

CPT–DNA- hydrogel

Chemical crosslinking

Local Chemotherapy to Prevent Tumor Recurrence

Injectable, thermosensitive, and nuclease- and GSH-responsive properties

[66]

Protein

RSF-SNF hydrogel

Enzyme crosslinking

Tissue regeneration

Tunable mechanical properties

[72]

Silk fibroin/collagen hydrogel

physically crosslinking

Tissue regeneration

Adjustable mechanical strength, good cell compatibility

[73]

Silk-HA hydrogel

Enzyme crosslinking

Tissue engineering

Controllable gelation and degradation rates

[74]

Bi₂S₃-BSA nanocomposite hydrogel

Chemical crosslinking

Photothermal therapy for tumors

Injectable and self-healing properties、 synthesis method is simple

[75]

TA-PVA/BSA Hydrogel

Physically crosslinking

–

High mechanical strength and good water retention capacity, adjustable mechanical properties

[76]

Mfp Hydrogel

Photochemical crosslinking

Cell adhesion and neurite growth

Supports adhesion and proliferation of multiple cell lines

[78]

Peptide

KK-BSA hydrogel

Chemical crosslinking

Promoting Infected Wound Healing

Rapidly degradable, injectable, self-healing, antibacterial and angiogenic ability

[81]

photoactivated Fmoc-KDNBK hydrogel

Photochemical crosslinking

Cell culture

Controlled and fast sol–gel conversion

[82]

Dentinogenic Peptide Hydrogel

Non-covalent interactions

Pulp tissue regeneration

Injectable properties, cytocompatibility, support DPSC proliferation and increase the potential for calcium phosphate deposition

[83]

FK Hydrogel

Electrostatic Interactions

Drug delivery system

Controllable rate of drug release

[84]

Biomass polysaccharides

Alg/Gel/CNCs hydrogel

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding

Regeneration of bone tissue

Bio-ink in 3D-printing for tissue engineering

[87]

TOCNFs CaPGO hydrogel

physically crosslinking

Regeneration of bone tissue

Injectable, inducing mineralization

[88]

Chitosan-CMC-g-PF127 hydrogel

Chemical crosslinking

Diabetic wound healing

Mechanical properties, rheological properties, microporous structure, continuous drug releasee

[89]

CMC / ZnO-MCM-41 hydrogel

hydrogen bonding

Wound healing and dressing systems

High mechanical properties, breathability, antibacterial

[90]

Composites

PDA/Cu-CS hydrogel

Electrostatic Interactions

Treatment of infectious wounds

Photothermal effect, antibacterial

[93]

PEG/CTS hydrogel

Chemical crosslinking

Cardiac repair

More healthy and synchronous activity

[94]

AHA/DHA/oxi-CNC hydrogel

Chemical crosslinking

Skin regeneration

High mechanical strength and self-healing ability, injectability

[95]

GelMA/PAM biohybrid hydrogel

Chemical crosslinking

Chemical crosslinking

Cell adhesion, biocompatibility, degradable

[96]