Fig. 1

Schematic representation of natural nano-based biomaterials inspired by cell unit in bone. A Nucleic acids-based composites, such as DNA aptamers, tFNAs (tetrahedral framework nucleic acids) and RNA nanomachine. B Cell membrane is based on the organization of lipids and protein/glycoprotein complexes. Each of the biomacromolecules in the complex, as well as the cell membrane itself, works well in bone/cartilage regeneration. C Proteins, such as collagen and silk fibroin, and peptides-based composites have been effectively used in bone/cartilage regeneration. D Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of cellular origin, they can be grouped into native EVs, EVs from engineered cells and post modified EVs. Created with BioRender.com