Fig. 12

Application of polyanion/ polycation polysaccharide-based composites in bone/cartilage regeneration. A Choosing alginate as the shell structure for PLGA/MgO-alginate core–shell microsphere, and the magnesium ions released in situ enhanced osteoblastic activity and promoted new bone formation. Reprinted with permission [158]. B, C Schematic illustration of generation of 4D self-folding hydrogel-based tubes (B), and its responsiveness (C). Reprinted with permission [159]. D Schematic illustration of cartilage-mimetic hydrogel, which supported a stable chondrogenic phenotype. Reprinted with permission [163]. E Generation of heparin-conjugated and decellularized bone particles, and the experiences in vitro and vivo. Reprinted with permission [166]. F Schematic illustration of biopolymer hydrogel in which AG and NBG were used to form electrostatic interactions, and the enhanced bone regeneration by biopolymer hydrogel. Reprinted with permission [168]. G Schematic illustration of generation of thermal-responsive chitosan/silk fibroin hydrogel, which had good mechanical properties and enhanced the biological properties. Reprinted with permission [173]