Fig. 14
Application of native EVs, EVs from engineered cells and post modified EVs in bone/cartilage regeneration. A Extracellular vesicles are of cellular origin, they can be grouped into native EVs, EVs from engineered cells and post modified EVs. Their applications in bone including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and bone fracture. Figures created with BioRender.com. B Native EVs from MSCs could alleviate temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Reprinted with permission [190]. C BMP2 expressed EVs secreted by HMSCs mediated HMSC osteogenic differentiation in vitro and promoted bone generation in vivo. Reprinted with permission [193]. D Engineered GLG1-exosomes carrying Wnt agonist 1 proved to alleviate impaired bone loss and bone fracture. Reprinted with permission [194]. E Aptamer engineering exosome and embedding it onto PPEA. Reprinted with permission [197]