Fig. 6

Application of RNA-based composites in bone/cartilage regeneration. A Appearance of the E18 mouse embryos tibiae cultured in different medias (upper) and representative immunofluorescence images of col10a1(lower). Reprinted with permission [40]. B Schematic illustration of the formation of RNA-ACP nanomachine. C AFM images of collagen fibril in RNA-ACP media for 5 h. D Cryo-electron-tomography images of intrafibrillar mineralization in RNA-ACP media for 24 h (upper) and 3D visualization of a mineralized fibril (lower). E SEM images with different magnifications of BMSCs cultured in control and RNA-ACP media for 1 day. B–E Reprinted with permission [17]