Table 1 Peptide-candidates for bone/cartilage regeneration

Inhibiting bone resorption

WP9QY

YCWSQYLCY

[86]

OP3-4

YCEIEFCYLIR

[87]

RANKL inhibitor peptide

YCWNSDCECCY

[121]

Promoting bone formation

BFP-1

GQGFSYPYKAVFSTQ

[89]

BFP-2

VEHDKEFFHPRYHHR

[122]

CGRP-α

VTHRLAGLLSRSGGVVKNNFVPTN

[123]

Hexarelin

VGSKAF

[124]

OGP

HWAWFKALKRQGRTLYGFGG

[90, 125, 126]

GFOGER

GFOGER

[127]

KP

KIPK(Ac)ASSVPTELSAISTLYL

[112]

CATH-2

RFGRFLRKIRRFRPKVTITIQGSARF-NH2

[128]

DSS

ASS (Asp-Ser-Ser)

[129]

Inhibiting bone resorption and promoting bone formation

NBD

drqikiwfqnrrmkwkk TALDWSWLQTE

CGRP

ACDTATCVTHRLAGLLSRSGGVVKNNFVPTNVGSKAF-

[92,93,94]

W9

YCWSQYLCY

[95]

[96]

Targeting:

HA

Poly-Asp

(Asp)n

[98]

BMSC

DPI

DPIYALSWSGMA

[99]

Osteoblast

PP102

YRAPWPP

[100]

Exosome

CP05

CRHSQMTVTSRL

[97]

Chondrocyte

CAP

DWRVIIPPRPSA

[101]

Promoting cell adhesion

RGD

AGA (Arg-Gly-Asp)

[108]

F105

YKRSRYT

[130]

F36

PDGRVD

[131]

F77

KEDGRLL

[131]

PHSRN

PHSRN

[132]

Promoting angiogenesis

QK

KLTWQELYQLK(Ac)YK(Ac)GI (CVRKIEIVRKK)2-Ahx-Ahx-Ahx

[112]

PBA2-1c

RKRKLERIAR

[133]

Exendin-4

HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS

[134]

TP508

AGYKPDEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFV

[135]

Cathelicidin

LL-37

LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES

[113]

KR-12

KRIVQRIKDFLR

[136]