Fig. 5

The viabilities of MDA-MB-231 cells after being treated with ILA@Lip and laser (808 nm, 1.0 W cm⁻², 3 min) irradiation or not under a normoxia condition and b hypoxia condition were evaluated using CCK-8 assay. Values represent means ± SD, n = 3. ***p < 0.001. c Live/dead staining of MDA-MB-231 cells being treated with PBS, Lenvatinib (2 μg mL⁻¹), AQ4N (2 μg mL⁻¹), free IR 780 (2 μg mL⁻¹) and ILA@Lip (2 μg mL⁻¹) with or without laser irradiation in normoxia or hypoxia. Live cells and dead cells were signaled in green and red fluorescence, respectively. Scale bar = 100 μm. d The apoptosis detection of MDA-MB-231 cells treated by PBS, Lenvatinib (2 μg mL⁻¹), AQ4N (2 μg mL⁻¹), free IR 780 (2 μg mL⁻¹) and ILA@Lip (2 μg mL⁻¹) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Q1 dead cells, Q2 late apoptotic cells, Q3 early apoptotic cells, Q4 live cells