Table 2 Photoresponsive nanotechnology designs
From: The current status of stimuli-responsive nanotechnologies on orthopedic titanium implant surfaces
Response system | Response point | Light | Mechanism | Condition | Preparations process | Results | Bacterial strains |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2/MoSe2/CHI (Chai2021 [21]) | TiO2 | NIR, 808Â nm, 0.6Â W/cm2 | PDT, PTT | 15Â min | 1. Preparation of TiO2 by MAO 2. Preparation of TiO2/MoSe2 coating 3. Preparation of TiO2/MoSe2/CHI | The coating shows antibacterial and osteogenic capability | S. mutans |
Ti/Phthalocyanines/liposome, nanoemulsion (Faria2014 [22]) | Phthalocyanines | Infrared light: 830 nm, 1.5 J, 60 mW Visible light: 633 nm, 3 J, 58 mW | PDT | Infrared light 2 min Visible light 3 min 45 s | 1. Liposome preparation 2. Preparation of Oil in Water nanoemulsion for controlled release of chlorine and aluminium phthalocyanine 3. Animal surgery: (a) create defects. (b) Install the implant. (c) Liposome/bone graft/BC/nanoeulsion fill 4. Treatment with visible and infrared light | The use of photosensitivity phthalocyanines activated by LED demonstrated a tendency to stimulate bone formation | – |
Bi2S3@Ag3PO4/Ti (Hong2019 [24]) | Bi2S3 | NIR, 808Â nm | PTT, PDT | 15Â min | 1. Preparation of 4-MBA-treated Ti plate by alkali heat 2. Preparation of Bi2S3/Ti 3. Preparation of Bi2S3@Ag3PO4/Ti | PTT and PDT effects break the biofilm | S. aureus, E. coli |
Au/Pt/TiO2 (Moon2021 [25]) | TNT | Visible light: 470Â nm, 660Â nm, 5.5Â mW/cm2 | Â | 15Â min | 1. Preparation of TiO2 by EA 2. Preparation by Au/Pt-TiO2 nanotubes and Pt/Au TiO2 nanotubes | Au/Pt can extend the limited UV antibacterial effect and improve the osteogenic perfoormance | S. aureus |
N-doped TNT (Oh2013 [26]) | N-TNT | Visible light: 470Â nm, 1000Â mW/cm2 | Â | Â | 1. Fabrocation of TNT through EA 2. Fabrocation of N-doped TNT | Â | Â |
PDA-NP-Ti (Ren2020 [28]) | PDA | NIR/808Â nm, 1Â W/cm2 | PTT | 10Â min | 1. Preparation of PDA-NPs 2. PDA-NPs loaded on Ti | The photothermal PDA-NPs coating shows killing of bacteria and challenging the protective tissue depends on the immersion and acting time | S. aureus |
RP-IR780-RGDC (Tan2018 [29]) | RP, IR780 | NIR/808 nm | PTT/PDT | 50 °C/10 min | RP film was prepared on Ti surface by CVD PDA modified RP coating RGDG and PDA are loaded on RP membrane by Michael addition reaction | PPT/PDT effects remove the biofilm RGDG improve cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation | S. aureus |
Ag/CHI@MnO2–Ti (Wang2019 [30]) | MnO2 | NIR/808 nm | PTT | 20 min | 1. MnO2-nanosheets were hydrothermally prepared on Ti plates 2. Preparation of CHI/Ag composites with different contents of AgNPs 3. Ag/CHI@MnO2–Ti obtaining through electrostatic adsorption | The coating exhibit potential in deep site disinfection of Ti implant through the synergy of pre-releases Ag ions and photothermal effect within a short time | S. aureus, E. coli |
GO-Ag-collagen (Xie2017 [31]) | GO, Ag | Visible light/660Â nm | PDT | 20Â min | 1. Preparation of GO/AgNPs composites 2. Preparation of GO/AgNPs/collagen hybrid coating on Ti | ROS production and Ag+ release shows antibacterial effect | S. aureus, E. coli |
Au-SPR/TiO2 (Xu2015 [32]) | Au-SPR | Xenon light λ > 420 nm, 50 mWcm−2 | The hydrophobic and alkyl chains | 10 min | 1. TNT was prepared through EA AuNPs loaded in TNT ODPA was attached to the tube walls AMP loaded in bottom of TNT | Visible light acts as a touch switch which release drug in TNT to kill bacteria | E. coli |
β-FeOOH/TiO2 coatings (Xue2021 [66]) | FeOOH/Fe2O3 | NIR/808 nm, 0.5 Wcm−2 | PTT | 7 min | β-FeOOH/TiO2 coatings preparation by micro-arc oxidation | PPT effects remove the biofilm | S. aureus |
Au nanorods coating (Yang2019 [144]) | Au | NIR/808Â nm, 0.5Â W/cm2 | PTT | 20Â min | Preparation of Au nanorods coating on Ti according to electrostatic surface self-assembly technique | The coating shows repeated photothermal antibacterial ability | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermidis |
MoS2/PDA-RGD (Yuan2019 [80]) | MoS2 | NIR/808 nm, 0.5 Wcm−2 | PTT | 8 min | MoS2 + PDA + RGD coating on Ti | 1. Improved the osteogenic ability of BMSCs 2. Effective antibacterial ability under NIR radiation | S. aureus, E. coli |
Ti-M-I-RGD (Yuan2019 [193]) | MPDA NPs | NIR/808 nm, 0.5–1.0 Wcm−2 | PDT/PTT | 50 °C/0–10 min | Preparation of MPDA NPs via a one-potsynthesis method Obtaing amino-modified titanium named as Ti–NH2 MPDA loaded on Ti–NH2 named as Ti-M Covalently fixed RGD on Ti-M named as Ti-M/RGD ICG loaded on Ti-M/RGD by π–π staking reaction named as Ti-M-I-RGD | PTT/PDT effects kill the bacteria | S. aureus |
FYH/Cur/HAd/BMP-2 NRs (Zhang2021 [62]) | NRs | NIR/1060 nm | PTT | 45℃/15 min | Preparation of TiO2 NRs Preparation of TiO2: FYH NRs by load Ho and Yb Preparation of TiO2: FYH/Cur/BMP-2 NRs by functionalize TiO2: FYH NRs with Cur, HA, BMP-2 | Eliminate biofilms on Ti Cur mitigates the immune response. BMP-2 improves osteogenic differentiation, accelerating new bone formation | S. aureus |
CuS-NP-rGO/TNT coatings (Zhang2021 [176]) | CuS, rGO | NIR/808 nm, 2 Wcm−2 | PTT | 10 min | 1. TNT preparation by electrochemical anodic oxidation on pure Ti 2. CuS@BSA coatings preparation on TNT by LBL 3. CuS@BSA/rGO-PDA coatings preparation | PPT effects remove the bioflim | S. aureus, E. coli |
CS/Ag/MoS2 Ti (Zhu2020 [81]) | Ag/MoS2 | Visible light: 660 nm, 0.898 W/cm2 | PDT | 20 min | 1. MoS2 were hydrothermally prepared on Ti plates 2. Ag loaded on MoS2–Ti 3. CS loaded on Ag/MoS2–Ti | 1. Ag+ reduced the recombination ratio of electron–hole pairs, which enhance the photocatalytic activity of the system 2. CS reduced the cytotoxicity to cells and improve the antibacterial ability | S. aureus, E. coli |