Table 5 Electric, USW, RF and USW/NIR stimuli-responsive nanotechnology designs
From: The current status of stimuli-responsive nanotechnologies on orthopedic titanium implant surfaces
Stimulus type | Response system | Character | Preparation process | Drug release | Result | Bacterial strains |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RF | TNT-AuNPs [60] | 1 GHz RF field | 1. TNT was prepared by anodic oxidation 2. TNTs loaded AuNPs | AuNPs receive RF stimulation as energytrans inducers | Realize the controlled release system under the RF trigger | – |
Electricity | Ti-MWNT-PPy[P/S]-PPy[Dex] [33] | Cyclic voltammetry (CV) 100 mV/s, from − 1 to 1 V for up to 25 cycles | 1. Anodized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on Ti surface 2. Polypyrrole (PPy) is negatively loaded into MWNT 3. Penicillin + streptomycin and DEX were electrodeposited on PPy | PPy[P/S] and PPy[Dex] are electrically stimulated | 1. Realize the controlled release system of electrically triggered drugs 2. Anti-bacterial infection 3. Promote bone growth and reduce fibroblast function | – |
Electricity | Ti-Chi-Van [34] | Voltages vary between 2–3.5 V | Chi-Van Co-deposited on the surface of titanium plate | Under the stimulation of anodic oxidation, the OH− consumed, pH on titanium surface decreased, and the chitosan gel expanded and decomposed | Anti-bacterial infection | S. aureus E. coli |
Electricity | TNT-Ti [35] | 10 V was applied for 1 min (3 cycles, separated by 10 min). 1–15/min | 1. TNT was prepared by anodic oxidation 2. Ti was prepared by magnesiothermic reduction 3. Load model drug, RhB | Ti NTs (cathode), bare Ti wire (anode)were connected to power supply | Realize the controlled release system of electrically triggered drugs | – |
USW | TNT-TPGS-IND [13] | Requency fixed at 30 kHz; a constant power of 100 W; 1–15 pulses/min; 5 min | 1. TNT was prepared by anodic oxidation 2. TPGS polymerized micelles loaded with Ind were loaded into TNTS | USW can destroy TPGS micelles | Controlled release of drugs triggered by USW is realized, and drugs in micelles are not affected by USW, and there is no premature release | – |
USW | Liposome-rhBMP-2 nanocomplexes [98] | 16 MHz, 5 min | Preparation of rhBMP-2 loaded liposomes | USW triggered rh-BMP-2 release from liposomes | Validated lipid nanoparticles can be USW-triggered delivery of rhBMP-2 | – |
NIR + USW | Ti–S–TiO2-x [48] | NIR 808 nm, US 1.0 MHz, 15 min | 1. TNT was prepared by anodic oxidation of Ti surface 2. Ti–TiO2 was doped with S element | – | 1. Under near-infrared light and ultrasonic treatment, Ti–S–TiO2-x has effective antibacterial efficiency 2. Stable structure performance to achieve long-term effect | P. gingiva Aureus |
NIR + USW | PSACT/CNPs-ICG [27] | Diode laser: 810 nm, 250 mW, 31.2 J/cm2, 1 min USW: 1 MHz, 100 Hz, 1.56 W/cm2, 1 min | 1. Preparation of CNPs 2. ICG loaded in CNPs | – | Under the PSACT, the CNPs-ICG nanoparticles shows biofilm removal efficient | A. actinomycetemcomitans P. gingicalis P. intermedia |