Fig. 1

(a) Photographic observations showing that different ratios of pyrrole (Py)/ferric chloride (FeCl₃-6H₂O) reacted with fucoidan (FU) to optimize the formulation (FU/Py/FeCl₃-6H₂O 4/80/0.9 mg per mL). (b) Size distributions of FU-polypyrrole (PPy) formulations (including FU/Py/FeCl₃-6H₂O 4/80/0.9 mg per mL) as measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS, Malvern Zetasizer, Nano-ZS, ZEN 3600). (c) Spectrophotometric data measured by an UV-Vis spectrophotometer (EPOCH2, BioTek) revealing optical properties of dipyridamole (DIP), whose absorbance intensity increased in a dose-dependent manner, ranging from 350 to 460 nm. (d) Drug-loading efficiency (LE) and DLS data showing (e) the size distribution and (f) zeta potential of different formulations (under a fixed component of FU/Py/FeCl₃-6H₂O at 4/80/0.9 (mg) per mL). DIP data showed that the loading efficiency of DIP decreased with an increase in the DIP dosage because the polymeric payload lacked a sufficient capacity to encapsulate the excess DIP. (g and h) Molecular dynamic simulation data showing the binding energy between FU and PPy or DIP and PPy