Table 1 Diagnosis and treatment nanoparticle delivery system for lymphatic system

Liposomes

129 ± 5 nm

siRNA

CD4⁺ T cells

Internalisation

i.v

/

Systemic Gene Silencing; Targeted therapies

[53]

Liposomes

20–30 nm

Neoantigens; Vaccine adjuvant

Lymph nodes

Cell-mediated trafocation via DCs

s.c

Melanoma (B16-F10)

Vaccination; Antitumor immunotherapy

[58]

Micelle polymers

20 ± 5 nm

DOX

Lymph nodes

Passive targeting

s.c

Melanoma (A375)

Lymph node metastasis and antitumor chemotherapy

[63]

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles

300 ± 21 nm

PolyIC

APCs in Lymph nodes

Cell-mediated trafocation via APCs

i.LN

/

Vaccination; Antitumor immunotherapy

[66]

Micelle polymers

55 nm

Epirubicin

Metastatic axillary lymph nodes

Passive targeting

i.v

Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231-D3H2LN)

Suppression of axillary lymph node metastasis

[67]

Micelle polymers

30 nm

Platinum

Lymph nodes

Passive targeting

i.v

Melanoma (B16-F10)

Non-invasive management of nodal disease

[68]

Micelle polymers

40 nm

Curcumin Trastuzumab

Metastatic mesenteric sentinel lymph nodes

Active targeting via igands

i.v

Colorectal cancer (HT-29)

Lymph Node Metastasis Homing and Photothermal Therapy in Orthotopic Colorectal Tumor Model

[69]

Gold NPs

5 nm

TLR7 ligand

Lymph nodes

Passive targeting

s.c

Colon carcinoma

Antitumor immunotherapy

[73]

Polymeric gold nanorods

1066 nm

Polyethylene glycol

Lymph nodes

Passive targeting

i.LN

MXH10/Mo/lpr mice

In vivo NIR fluorescence imaging; Anti-tumor effect of PTT

[74]

Outer membrane vesicles

41.9 ± 0.9 nm

Gold NPs

DC

Cell-mediated trafocation via APCs

s.c

/

Anti-bacterial vaccination

[75]

Iron oxide NPs

15–58 nm

/

Lymph nodes

Endocytosis and pinocytosis

s.c

/

In vivo optical imaging

[77]

CNTs and carbon NPs

40–60 nm

8–12 nm

/

Lymph nodes

Internalisation

s.c

Pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3)

Magnetic lymphatic targeting drug-delivery system; Treatment of tumour metastasis

[84]

Hydrogels

50 nm

Imidazoquinoline

Draining lymph nodes

Passive targeting

s.c

/

Antitumor immunotherapy

[89]

Hydrogels

200 nm

Polyethylene glycol

DC

Lipid raft-mediated trafocation via DCs

s.c

OT-1 mice

The lymphatic delivery of antigens

[90]

Nanocapsules

242 ± 6 nm

Polyglucosamine/Squalene

Popliteal lymph node

Cell-mediated trafocation via APCs

s.c

/

Immunostimulating

[93]

Lipid nanocapsules

/

Ovalbumin/Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid/ Monophosphoryl lipid A

Draining lymph nodes

Cell-mediated trafocation via APCs

Intratracheal administration s.c

OT-1 mice

Pulmonary Nanoparticle Vaccination

[94]

Chimeric exosomes

30–150 nm

M1-like Macrophage; E.G7 Tumor cell nuclei

Lymph nodes; Tumors

Passive targeting

Intratumoral injection

Lymphoma;Breast cancers; Melanoma

Activation in the immune response and the tumor microenvironment

[101]