Table 2 Nanoparticle of lymph node imaging and identification

Liposomes

33 nm

γ-camera imaging

Regional lymph nodes

^99mTc

s.c

/

Lymphatic scintigraphy

[103]

Liposomes

136 nm

γ-camera imaging

Popliteal nodes

^99mTc

s.c

Biotin; Avidin

The delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs, vaccine antigens, and biologic agents to lymph nodes

[104]

Liposomes

115.3–148.9 nm

γ-camera imaging

Sentinel lymph nodes

^99mTc Blue dye

s.c

Blue dye; Glutathione; Biotin

Lymphatic scintigraphy and intraoperative lymph node identification

[105]

PAMAM Dendrimers

/

MRI-FI

Sentinel lymph nodes

GdIII-DTPA Cy5.5

s.c

/

Magnetic resonance and optical imaging of the lymphatic system

[108]

PAMAM -G6 Dendrimers

9 nm

MR

Sentinel lymph nodes

GdIII

Peritumoral injection

/

Localization of sentinel lymph nodes in human breast cancer

[109]

Quantum Dots

10 nm

FI

Sentinel lymph nodes

NIR QDs

s.c

Oligomeric phosphine

Direct visual guidance throughout the entire SLN mapping procedure

[113]

Quantum Dots

15 nm

FI

Sentinel lymph nodes

NIR QDs

s.c

InAsxP1-x/InP/ZnSe

NIR Sentinel lymph node mapping

[114]

Microbubbles

50–100 nm

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound

Sentinel lymph nodes

Microbubbles

i.d

Sulfur hexafluoride

Sentinel lymph node identification in early-stage breast cancer

[119]

Nanocarbon

/

Endoscopy

Sentinel lymph nodes

Nanocarbon suspension

Intrathyroid injection

/

Clear lymph node clearance in PTC patients; Decrease in parathyroid damage

[123]

Nanocarbon

150 nm

Endoscopy

Lymph nodes

Nanocarbon suspension

Submucosal injection

/

Tracking lymph node metastases of colorectal cancer

[124]

Nanoparticles

/

PET/CT MRI

Lymph nodes

⁶⁸ Ga-PSMA Ferumoxtran-10

i.v

PSMA Ferumoxtran-10

Diagnosis of Lymph Node Metastases in Prostate Cancer Patients

[125]

Nanotracer agents

7 nm

γ-camera imaging

Sentinel lymph nodes

^99mTc

i.d

Mannose DTPA

Melanoma Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping

[128]

Ultrasmall silica NPs

10 nm

PET-FI

Sentinel lymph nodes

¹²⁴I Cy5/Cy5.5

s.c

PEG; CRGDY NIR dyes

Detection of tumor-carrying lymph nodes in the intraoperative setting

[129]