Fig. 1

The induction of immunogenic cell death and membrane vesicle preparation of TC-1 tumor cells. a Observation of the morphology of TC-1 cells treated with the mixture of MTX and Cur for 24 h. b The analysis on cell apoptosis by flow cytometry. upper panel, representative scatter plot of flow cytometry analysis; lower panel, statistical analyses of early apoptosis, late apoptosis and total apoptosis. c The expression and membrane translocation of “eat me” signals visualized by immunofluorescence at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. d The release of “find me” signal ATP in the supernatant of treated tumor cells (n = 3). e The release of “find me” signal HMGB1 in the supernatant detected with Western blotting. f TEM observation of membrane vesicles prepared from ICD cells. The red box showed a representative vesicle. g The content of “eat me” signals in the membrane preparation of the ICD tumor cells detected with Western blot. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was calculated via one-way ANOVA (d), giving P values, **** P < 0.0001, *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05