Fig. 3

Membrane-encapsulated NPs stimulate migration, antigen uptake and maturation of BMDCs in vitro. a The Transwell cell migration assay (n = 3). b Uptake of the NPs by DC2.4 cells. The upper two panels are for the CS-NPs/FITC-E7, and the lower two panels are for the membrane-encapsulated nanoparticle DID-IM-CS-NPs/FITC-E7. c Representative plots of flow cytometry and (d–g) statistical analyses on the expression of maturation markers CD86 (d), CD80 (e), MHC I (f) and MHC II (g) on BMDCs (n = 5). h–k Proinflammatory Cytokine expression. IFN-γ (h), IL-1β (i), IL-6 (j) and TNF-α (k) levels in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA (n = 3). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was calculated via one-way ANOVA, giving P values. **** P < 0.0001, *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01 (d–k); unpaired parametric t test, ^## P < 0.01, ^#P < 0.05 (d, f–h)