Table 1 Metal NPs are often used as an antibacterial agent in periodontitis

AuNPs

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and S. aureus

In vivo and in vitro

Dental plaque biofilm was prevented by E-Au@H with near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation by 87%, and alveolar bone repair was aided by 38%

[53]

AgNPs

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), S. aureus, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans (C. albicans)

In vitro

At a concentration of 100 L/mL, the AgNPs-based mouthwash showed antibacterial efficacy against Lactobacillus, C. albicans, S. mutans, and S. aureus

[54]

AgNPs

P. gingivalis

In vitro

When used in conjunction with other antimicrobial agents, AgNPs may have a synergistic impact and be employed for local drug administration during periodontal treatment as an alternative to topical antiseptics and antibacterial agents

[55]

AuNPs

P. gingivalis

In vivo and in vitro

The coated aligners showed favorable antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis. This study reveals a new method for treating oral P. gingivalis by coating aligners with 4,6-diamino-2-pyrimidinethiol-modified AuNPs (AuDAPT), which has typical advantages compared to other treatments for both periodontitis and related systematic diseases

[56]

Ag/Au NPs

P. gingivalis

In vitro

Ag/Au NPs inhibited the planktonic growth of P. gingivalis W83. This effect was enhanced in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which simulates the oxidative stress environment in the periodontal pocket during chronic inflammation

[57]

ZNONPs

S. mutans and P. gingivalis

In vitro

In comparison to the plain PCL membranes, S. mutans, and P. gingivalis adherence was dramatically reduced in the LZ and HZ groups that included ZnO

[58]

TiO2 nanotubes

A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, and Campylobacter

In vitro

Ag-doped TiO2 nanotubes that had not yet been annealed showed a strong Ag peak. Bacterial mortality against A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, and C. rectus was seen against the as-annealed Ag-doped TiO2 nanotubes, demonstrating antibacterial effectiveness

[59]

Fe₃O₄NPs

S. sanguinis, P. gingivalis, and F. nucleatum

In vitro

By using a magnetic field to destroy bacteria, Fe3O4 with a magnetic field permitted the targeting of infection locations

[60]

NiNPs

S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli

In vitro

The goal of the current investigation was to ascertain if NiNPs had any inhibitory effects on the biofilm formation of clinical isolates of S. epidermidis. S. epidermidis has a primary virulence factor that includes the capacity to form biofilms on viable and non-viable surfaces, particularly on plastic devices

[61]

BiNPs

S. mutans

In vitro

The introduction of zero-valent BiNPs completely stopped S. mutans from producing biofilm. This result was surprising since zero-valent BiNPs were anticipated to have an inhibitory effect on cell growth but not a complete block. Researchers hypothesized that because 69% of the cells were rendered inactive by NPs, there wouldn't be enough cells left to form a biofilm

[62]

BiNPs

E. faecalis and S. mutans

In vitro

Given the benefits of BiNPs, such as their ability to suppress biofilm formation and their increased antibacterial activity compared to CHX, they may be a promising alternative to CHX in the fight against E. faecalis that might be proposed for use in several branches of dentistry

[63]

CoNPs

S. aureus and E. coli

In vitro

CoNPs were observed from 0.125 to 128.0 µg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli. The zone of inhibition of CoNPs was better against E. coli than S. aureus

[64]

CuNPs

A. Actinomycetemcomitans

In vitro

The 100 g/mL copper-content solid sponges and gel spheres were made using CuNPs /chitosan gel nanocomposites. The development of A. Actinomycetemcomitans were stymied by these substances. The sphere nanocomposites were more stable in saliva and showed a prolonged release of copper at amounts effective against bacteria

[65]

CuNPs

S. mutans

In vivo and in vitro

The composite ceramic's copper ions damage the permeability of the S. mutans membrane, which in turn disrupts the bacterial respiratory system and DNA replication, ultimately leading to the death of the organism

[66]