Table 2 Effects of different NP on periodontitis

AuNPs

45 nm AuNPs, anti-inflammatory effect, and improve periodontal inflammation

By directly modulating hPDLCs and indirectly modulating macrophage phenotypes, AuNPs could create a microenvironment with limited inflammatory cytokine levels and reparative cytokines like BMP-2, thereby inducing PDLC differentiation, periodontal tissue regeneration, and the prevention of periodontitis progression

In vivo and in vitro

[70]

AgNPs

1–100 nm, smaller particle size, higher surface area, and quantum confinement effects

Using AgNPs as an alternative to topical antiseptics and antimicrobial agents, as well as in combination with other antimicrobial agents for a synergistic impact and local drug delivery during periodontal treatment, provides a window of opportunity for further study in the field. CHX and AgNPs are both potent antimicrobials that are effective against a wide range of periodontal and oral infections

In vitro

[55]

ZnONPs

Antimicrobial properties, the absorption peak of ZnNPs was in the range of 230–330 nm

Individuals with chronic periodontitis have higher levels of ALT enzyme activity in their saliva compared to healthy controls, and ZnONPs have been shown to increase ALT enzyme activity in these individuals

20 patients with chronic periodontitis disease

[98]

MNPs

Simple synthesis, intrinsic antimicrobial activity, low toxicity, and high versatility

In vitro antibacterial investigations showed that antibacterial MNPs could eliminate bacterial biofilms using magnetic inductivity and the nanosize effect of NPs in conjunction with the antibacterial impact of PHMB, achieving a clearance rate of close to 80%

In vivo and in vitro

[118]

NiNPs

Cheap enough for intensive use, antibacterial activities, and safe, NPs obtained are smaller than 25 nm with low polydispersity

All S. epidermidis clinical isolates were shown to be capable of biofilm generation in the investigation. The production of biofilm was shown to be suppressed by NiNPs. Factors that contribute to the progression of these infections include the capacity to produce biofilms, PIA, biofilm-associated protein, PGA, SEIL and SEC3, PSMs, Clpxp, and extracellular matrix-binding protein

In vitro

[124]

BiNPs

Bactericidal, fungicidal, antiparasitic, 4–22 nm, and antibiofilm agents

It was shown that the main size of BSS-nano is between 4 and 22 nm and has a polygonal form. Antimicrobial BSS-nano may be used in dental fillings and antiseptics

In vitro

[135]

CoNPs

Antibacterial properties, Cobalt (Co) is one of the cheaper transition metals

CoNPs have not been compared to bulk Co or to other common antimicrobials. Investigation showed that between 0.125 and 128.0 g/ml, CoNPs were effective against S. aureus and E. coli. CoNPs showed a larger zone of inhibition against E. coli than they did against S. aureus. When compared to bulk Co, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin, CoNPs were superior

In vitro

[64]

CuNPs

High biological activity, comparatively low cost, ecological safety, and antibacterial agents

Solid sponges and gel spheres containing 100 g/mL of copper were made using CuNPs /chitosan gel nanocomposites. The development of A. Actinomycetemcomitans was stymied by these substances. Nanocomposites containing CuNPs and chitosan show promise as a platform upon which to build site-specific treatments for periodontitis

In vitro

[65]

TiO₂NPs

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, biocompatibility

In PDL cells, TiO2NPs increased COX-2 mRNA and protein expression. After being exposed to TiO2NPs, ERK1/2, and Akt were rapidly activated, perhaps upstream of NF-κB. Following treatment with TiO2NPs, intracellular ROS production increased in PDL cells

In vitro

[111]