Fig. 6
Schematic illustration of Cluster 2: “Bioactive components of EVs”. A Structure, bioactive components, and distribution in the EV. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [168], Copyright 2023, Frontiers.) B EVs present in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, demonstrate stability while exhibiting changes in the concentration of bioactive compounds that they carry or discharge. These changes are linked to the pathological state of SCI, making them a potential diagnostic tool and reliable biomarker for identification. C EVs derived from diverse cells are known to contain a multitude of bioactive components that can activate distinct molecular pathways involved in the process of axonal regeneration and repair. Created with BioRender.com