Fig. 1

The ENI platform. a The steps of the ENI platform’s operation: The Au-coated NTs loaded with targeted cargo (stage 1); localized on-demand nanoscale-EP and the subsequent intracellular delivery (stage 2); and post nanoscale-EP membrane recovery (stage 3). b SEM images showing the Au-coated NTs at tilted zoom-out (i), top (ii), and cross-sectional (resin embedded) view (iii). Scale bars: 5 μm (i), 100 nm (ii), and 500 nm (iii). c False-colored SEM images showing the interfacial interactions between fibroblast GPE-86 cells and Au-coated NTs arrays (i) and the cross-sectional profile of NT–membrane interface (ii) with a zoom-in view (iii). Scale bars: 10 μm (i), 2 μm (ii), and 500 nm (iii)