Table 1 Representative studies of biomedical materials in cardiac biomarkers detection

AuNPs\ MNC

cTnI, Mb, CK-MB, CRP

ELISA

Fast and high sensitivity, high selectivity and reliability.

Requires a specific magnetic field environment.

[107]

ZnO NPs\Cr

Mb

DPV

Fast and high sensitivity.

Low detection efficiency, single detection type.

[110]

AuNP/BNNS

Mb

DPV

High signal response for Mb.

Sensitivity is not satisfactory, single detection type.

[111]

MOCs\ QDs

cTnI, Mb

ECL

High sensitivity, excellent specificity, selectivity and stability.

Few detection types.

[112]

Cys-RGO

Mb

SPR\ DPV

Low LOD, high accuracy, high-sensitivity and high binding kinetics.

The sensitivity of the two methods is different, single detection type.

[113]

AuNPs\

DNA hydrogel

CK-MB

Colorimetric detection

Good portability, visualization, and simple sample handling.

The method of obtaining results is not simple.

[69]

CM-EUs

CK-MB

FL-ICA

Simple, inexpensive system that provides quantitative, sensitivity and reliable detection.

Long detection time.

[116]

GNV

NT-proBNP, CK-MB, cTnT

EFISA

Wide linear range, high precision.

Complex detection mode.

[117]

CNOs/AuNPs/Fe₃O₄/Chi

CK-MB

ECL

Better sensitivity, without the use of harmful-complex components, enzymes, time-consuming pre-treatments.

Single detection type.

[118]

Polystyrene\ polyacrylic acid

cTnI

LFIA

A rapid, accurate, and stable assay.

Single detection type.

[120]

PEI\ GO

cTnI

ECL

High sensitivity, good selectivity and good accuracy for detection.

Single detection type.

[121]

Ag₂S/ZnO\

Au NPs

cTnI

PEC\ CRCA

High sensitivity and good stability.

Single detection type, Average accuracy.

[122]

BNQD

cTnI

DPV

High stability, repeatability, reproducibility and reusability, high selectivity and sensitivity.

Single detection type.

[123]

AuNPs

cTnI

ECL

High sensitivity, high specificity.

Single detection type, long detection time.

[124]

GNR

cTnI, MG

Label free protein detection

Quick, reliable, high sensitivity.

Few detection types, long detection time.

[125]

PhC

cTnI, BNP, Mb

EFISA

Highly sensitive, flexible, and high-throughput.

Long detection time.

[126]

CD\ AgNPs\ GO\MS

GSH

PEC

Good selectivity, stability and reproducibility.

Reliability of the fabrication processes still needs to be improved.

[128]

CS hydrogel beads\ AuNPs

cTnI\

h-FABP

CL

Wide linear range, low detection limit, good selectivity, high stability and good operability.

Few detection types.

[130]

AgNC-sem@AuNPs

NT-proBNP

ECL

Favorable sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability.

Complex detection mode, single detection type.

[132]

In₂O₃ nanoribbon

cTnI, BNP, CK-MB

Electronic ELISA

High sensitivity, quick turnaround time, and reusability.

Other possible materials may also be suitable to work as channel materials, which need further investigation.

[133]