Table 3 Representative studies of biomedical materials in MI treatment
From: Application of biomedical materials in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction
Biomedical materials | Model & Method | Function | Advantages | Limitations | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAK-242- PLGA- NP | Mouse, i.v. | Inhibits TLR4 and inflammatory cell aggregation. | Specificity and targeting, non-invasive, good persistence and effect. | The infarct size cannot be reduced, undesired accumulation. | [148] |
SPIONs | Cell culture | Inhibits TLR4 and inflammatory cell aggregation. | Excellent biocompatibility, can be swallowed by cells. | Cause an inflammatory response. | [149] |
Gel@MSN \ miR-21-5p | Pig, i.m. | pH-responsive hydrogel, inflammation suppression and angiogenesis enhancement. | Injectable, effective site-specific drug delivery, decrease in systemic side effects. | Drug release impacted by pH changes, uncertain electrical coupling with the host. | [150] |
MNPs\Alg | Rat, i.m. | Antioxidation and macrophage polarization. | Excellent biocompatibility, injectable, effective site-specific drug delivery, good cell retention. | Non-responsive, drug release depends on natural degradation of hydrogels. | [63] |
eNABs\HAL\ MSN | Rat, i.v. | Produces bilirubin, which acts as an anti-inflammatory and reprogramming macrophage. | Non-invasive, good persistence and effect, high tissue aggregation. | Difficult to achieve local application. | [151] |
PFTU/Gt | Rat, cardiac patch implantation. | ROS-responsive. ROS levels, lipid peroxidation and expression of related genes were decreased. | Good cell retention and mechanical support, no obvious cytotoxicity. | Requires surgery, electrical coupling through large areas. | [154] |
NIPAAm-PEG1500 | Sheep, i.m. | Temperature-responsive, reduce ROS levels. | Effective site-specific drug delivery, decrease in systemic side effects. | Inability to precisely determine spatial distribution of hydrogel in vivo, foreign body reaction and fibrosis. | [155] |
CSCl-GSH | Cell culture | Temperature-responsive, reduce ROS levels. | Excellent biocompatibility, good cell retention. | The intrinsic pathway should be examined in the future study. | [156] |
RGD/PEG-PUE-SLN | Rat, i.v. | Anti-oxidative stress, promote angiogenesis. | Excellent entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity, excellent biocompatibility, non-invasive. | Long half-life may cause undesired accumulation. | [157] |
UCCy@Gel | Mouse, i.m. | Light energy conversion by UCNPs was used for photosynthesis in cyanobacteria to achieve appropriate oxygen liberation. | Both preventive and therapeutic functions, excellent biocompatibility. | Invasive modality, long-term effects in large animals remain to be verified, uncertain metabolism and long-term biosafety. | [159] |
GC\PNIPAM | Mouse, i.m. | Temperature-responsive, delivery of VEGF\ IL-10\PDGF. | Quick delivery, high loading efficiency, minimal burst release, sustained release. | Uncertain drug interactions and delivery sequence. | [161] |
PVL-b-PEG-b-PVL HG | Rat, i.m. | Temperature-responsive, delivery of VEGF. | Sustained local release, high loading efficiency, improve protein stability, solubility, and biocompatibility. | Invasive modality. | [162] |
NFs | Pig, i.m. | Delivery of VEGF. | Precise direct serial delivery, high loading efficiency, high safety, slow degradation. | Invasive modality. | [163] |
p[NIPAAm-co-PAA-co-BA] | Rat, i.m. | Temperature-and pH-responsive, delivery of bFGF. | Sustained release and local delivery, high loading efficiency, provide spatial and temporal control. | Invasive modality, cause an inflammatory response. | [164] |
CS | Rat, i.m. | Delivery of bFGF. | High loading efficiency, controlled mechanical properties and good swelling stability. | Invasive modality, non-responsive, drug release depends on natural degradation of hydrogels. | [165] |
NFs | Mouse, i.p. | Delivery of pro-HGF. | High loading efficiency, long half-life, non-invasive. | Undesired accumulation. | [166] |
P(CS–CA–NIPAM) | Rat, i.m. | Temperature-and pH-responsive, delivery of OSM. | Continuous and localized release, high loading efficiency, good mechanical support. | Invasive modality. | [168] |
BG-SA | Rat, i.m. | Delivery of BG. | Better cardiac retention, avoiding tissue exposure, high loading efficiency, sustained release and local delivery. | Invasive modality, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress should be investigated in a future study. | [170] |
RBM-MSC/H-HG | Rat, i.m. | Delivery of heparin and BM-MSC. | Increase cells retention and engraftment, excellent biocompatibility, injectable. | Invasive modality, long-term effects in large animals remain to be verified. | [171] |
MN-CSC | Pig, rat, cardiac patch implantation. | Delivery of CSC. | Excellent biocompatibility, high delivery efficiency, good mechanical support. | Requires surgery, uncertain side effects of degradation products. | [172] |
NO-RIG | Mouse, i.m. | Temperature- responsive, produce NO in vivo, reduce ROS levels. | NO sustained release and redox equilibrium, injectable, high conductivity. | Invasive modality, Undesired accumulation. | [175] |
Col-CNF | Rat, scaffold graft. | Physicochemical property. | High surface area, high conductivity, good mechanical support. | Requires surgery. | [176] |
NanoGraft | Pig, artificial blood vessel graft. | Physicochemical property. | The mechanical properties and surface area of the grafts are enhanced. | Occlusion, platelet adhesion. | [178] |
PHEA-PLA / PCL | Pig, artificial blood vessel graft. | Physicochemical property. | Good biocompatibility and physicochemical properties. | Thrombosis. | [95] |
OGGP3 | Rat, i.m. | Physicochemical property. | High conductivity, excellent biocompatibility. | Invasive modality, ability to load drugs should be investigated. | [181] |
POG | Rat, cardiac patch implantation. | Physicochemical property. | High conductivity, elasticity, compressive resistance and good biocompatibility, rapid self-healing property. | Requires surgery, ability to load drugs should be investigated. | [182] |
EGC scaffolds | Rat, pig, i.m. | Physicochemical property. | High mechanical properties, shape memory and high electrical conductivity. | Invasive modality. | [183] |
HA | Rat, i.m. | Delivery of hESC-CMs. | High mechanical properties, increase cells retention and engraftment, excellent biocompatibility, high delivery efficiency. | Invasive modality, requires large cell quantities. | [185] |
HHA@ODS | Rat, i.m. | Delivery of MSCs. | Strong adhesion, high delivery efficiency, long retention time. | Invasive modality, further improve the wet adhesive strength. | [186] |
Collagen scaffold | Pig, i.m. | Delivery of MSCs. | Promoting cell retention, excellent biocompatibility, injectable, high delivery efficiency. | Invasive modality. | [187] |
PFC-conjugated hydrogels | Cell culture | Delivery of MSCs, temperature- responsive, increase oxygen partial pressure, | Excellent biocompatibility, soft and flexible, improve cell survival. | In vivo studies are needed. | [188] |
PEG -based hydrogel | Rat, i.m. | Delivery of iPSC-CM. | Excellent biocompatibility, high mechanical properties, injectable. | No engrafted cells were observed at the injection site. | [189] |
ECM hydrogel | Mouse, i.m. | Delivery of 7AP. | Excellent biocompatibility, high permeability, good cell retention. | Need long-term evaluation, | [62] |
ECM hydrogel | Rat, pig, i.m. | Promoting CSC aggregation | Excellent biocompatibility, high mechanical properties, excellent clinical transformation value. | Long-term effects in large animals remain to be verified. | [191] |
BP-NCD | Mouse, epicardium injection. | Delivery of miR. | Good chemical stability, high water solubility, low toxicity, multifunctional surface functions. | Invasive modality. | [192] |
miNPs\ shear-thinning hydrogel | Rat, i.m. | Delivery of miR. | Extremely high uptake efficiency, good retention, high biocompatibility. | Invasive modality, requires high dosages. | [193] |