Fig. 2

Schematic illustration of the genetically engineered EBPs. A Schematic diagram of the design and generation of αCD3/αEGFR synthetic multivalent antibody-displaying exosomes (SMART-Exos). It was demonstrated that the SMART-Exos, which was designed to simultaneously target CD3 and EGFR, could effectively bind to both T cells and TNBC cells expressing EGFR [25]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. B Schematic illustration of the virus-derived fusogenic protein VSV-G on the surface of M1 EVs loaded with siPD-L1. siRNA@V-M1 EVs can target tumors due to the native targeting capability of M1 EVs. The pH-responsive VSV-G changes to an unfolded fusion state in the acidic tumor microenvironment [26]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2020, Wiley. C The design principle of hGLV involves utilizing photothermal therapy (PTT) in combination with immunotherapy to combat tumors [27]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. TNBC triple-negative breast cancer, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, exos exosomes, TSL thermosensitive liposomes, hGLV gene-engineered exosome-thermosensitive liposome hybrid nanovesicles, DCs dendritic cells, SMART-Exos synthetic multivalent antibody-retargeted exosomes, VSV-G vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, M1 EVs M1 macrophage-derived EVs