Fig. 4

Example of fusion of membrane nanostructures with synthetic materials. A Schematic diagram of the method for preparing the gene-engineered exosome-liposome hybrid nanovesicles (hGLV) [27]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. B Cationic bovine serum albumin (CBSA)-coupled siS100A4 was coated with exosome membrane by extrusion to form biomimetic nanoparticles [68]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. C Nano-pathogenoids (NPNs) are prepared by coating Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) on nanoparticles NPs, and NPNs inherit pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from OMV [69]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2020, Nature Communications. D DC2.4 was mixed with DOX and extruded with polycarbonate films by a micro-extruder [70]. The obtained EVdox was incubated with HAuCl4·3H2O at 37 °C for 24 h to obtain EVdox@AuNP. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2019, Elsevier