Fig. 6

Schematic illustration of the direct modification of EBPs on the membrane surface. Examples of direct engineering modification of the surface of EBPs include integrating lipid-conjugated molecules into the lipid bilayer, utilizing click chemistry and affinity interactions to attach target molecules, relying on enzymatic covalent binding through peptides or antibodies, and using biotin-avidin reactions to bind specific molecules. FA folic acid, HA hualuronic acid, Abs antibodies, DBCO dibenzocyclooctyne, PDA polydopamine, Tf transferrin, TfR transferrin receptor, SPIONs superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles