Table 2 Genetically engineered EBPs

HEK293T

CD47 overexpression

Erastin (Er) and Rose Bengal (RB)

Ultrasonic + electroporation

Avoided vesicles by macrophages phagocytosis, enhance blood circulation ability

Combined with iron death inducer and photosensitizer

[34]

CT26

CD47 overexpression

ICG and R837 were loaded with heat-sensitive liposomes

Freeze thawing

Photothermal therapy combined with immunoadjuvant

[27]

3T3

CD47 overexpression

Docetaxel + GM-CSF

Freeze thawing

In combination with chemotherapy

[35]

4T1

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) overexpression

PLGA nano-carrier loaded with anti-miRNA-21/antimiRNA-10b

Extrusion

Targeted receptors specifically expressed by tumor cells and binding to RNA for anti-tumor therapy

[36]

cbMSC-hTERT

Anti-GPC3 antibody

miR-26a mimic

Electroporation

miR-26a was effectively delivered to GPC3 expressing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and inhibited tumor proliferation

[37]

Expi293

Anti-CD3 + anti-HER2 antibody

Targeted tumor cells with high HER2 expression

As a bridge between T cells and HER2 positive tumor cells

[38]

HEK293T

Anti-HER2 antibody

miR-HER2

Transfection

Knocked down HER2 expression

[39]

HEK293T

Anti-HER2 antibody

HChrR6 mRNA

Transfection

HChrR6 converted prodrugs into cytotoxic drugs after being transported to tumor cells

[40]

HEK293T

EGF or HER2 affibody

photosensitizer (ICG)/DOX

Ultrasonic

Photodynamic therapy or in combination with chemotherapy drugs

[41]

MSCs

LAMP2b-DARPin chimeric protein (anti-HER2 antibody)

DOX

Electroporation

Combined with chemotherapy drugs to kill tumors

[42]

HEK293T

Anti-HER2 antibody

MiR-21i + 5-FU

Electroporation

Reversed drug resistance in the tumor

[43]

HEK293T

Anti-CD19-CAR

CRISPR/Cas9

Electroporation

Accumulated in tumors and effectively released the CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting MYC oncogenes in vivo and in vitro

[30]

U937

Anti-PSMA peptide

Pro-DOX agents activated by PSA

Extrusion

Targeted the tumor tissue and converted the drug to an active state at the tumor site

[44]

NSC

CXCR4 overexpression

Anti-miRNA-21/miRNA-100

Microfluidics technology

Therapeutic RNA was loaded using microfluidic technology and targeted CXCR4 ligand with high expression in tumor cells

[45]

MSCs

CXCR4 overexpression

si-Survivin

Electroporation

Improved tumor targeting and carried siRNA to suppress overexpressed Survivin gene in tumors

[46]

HEK293T

T7 overexpression

Anti-mir-221 oligonucleotides (AMOs)

Electroporation

Binded tumor cells by transferrin inhibited upregulated miRNA in human brain tumor glioblastoma

[47]

cbMSCs

iRGD peptide

Anti-mir-221 oligonucleotides (AMOs)

Electroporation

Significantly enriched in the tumor site and had a good anti-tumor effect

[48]

HUVECs, HEK293T

TRAIL overexpression

Oxaliplatin (OXA) + hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)

Mixed with PLGA nanoparticles + extrusion

Targeted the tumor and induced tumor cell apoptosis, combined with autophagy drugs and autophagy inhibitors to kill the tumor

[49]

Raw264.7

TRAIL overexpression

Triptolide (TPL)

Ultrasonic

Targeted the tumor and induced apoptosis, combined with chemotherapy drugs

[50]

MSCs

Cell penetrating peptide (CPP) and TNF-α overexpression

Anchored TNF-α to cell membranes, enhanced tumor targeting, and inhibited tumor growth under an external magnetic field

[51]

MDA-MB-231

PD-1 overexpression

PARP inhibitor

Ultrasonic

Effectively prevented PD-L1 mediated T cell inhibition and provided powerful antitumor activity

[52]

DC2.4 + DC from human

αPD1 + MHC-I + B7 overexpression

Activated both natural and depleted T cells, significantly improved antigen delivery to lymphatic organs, and produced a broad-spectrum T cell response to eliminate established tumors

[53]

Expi293F

Anti-CD3 antibody + EGFR overexpression

Induced the cross-linking of T cells to EGFR-expressing breast cancer cells, and induced an effective antitumor immune response

[25]

E. coli DH5α

Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein overexpression

Induced an E7 antigen-specific cellular immune response and inhibited tumor growth

[54]

E. coli DH5α

BFGF overexpression

Persistent anti-BFGF autoantibodies were induced, which inhibited tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth

[55]

MDA-MB-231

α-lactalbumin (α-LA) overexpression

Human neutrophil elastase (ELANE) + Hiltonol (TLR3 agonist)

Electroporation

Promoted the activation of cDC1s and showed strong antitumor activity

[56]

HEK293T

Hyaluronidase (PH20) overexpression

DOX

Electroporation

The immunomicroenvironment was changed from an immunosuppressive phenotype to an immunosupportive phenotype, which enhanced the delivery of chemotherapy drugs and improved the efficiency of tumor treatment

[57]

HEK293T

Prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator overexpression

Cholesterol conjugated ASOs STAT6

Incubation

Targeted tumor-associated macrophages and induced tumor microenvironment remodeling and CD8 T cell-mediated adaptive immune response

[58]

RAW 264.7

Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein overexpression

Mouse si-PD-L1

Electroporation

The PD-L1/PD-1 pathway was blocked, and T cell recognition and M1 macrophage repolarization were reconstructed

[26]

A549

miRNA-449a

Carried the target RNAi through transcriptional transactivator protein (TAT) and the trans-activating response (TAR)

[59]