Table 3 Hybrid EBPs through fusing cell membrane nanostructures with synthetic materials

Magnetic nanoparticle

4T1

Cy5-anti-miR-21

Gold-iron oxide nanoparticles (GIONs)

Extrusion

Had biomimetic properties, could be used for internal magnetic resonance imaging and produced effective photothermal effects

[71]

Mouse serum

DOX

Raspberry-like iron oxide particle (RB)

Ultrasonic

Induced lymphocyte infiltration and inhibited tumor metastasis

[72]

Raw264.7

Curcumin

SPIONs

Electroporation

RGERPPR peptide

The combination of the two therapies significantly improved the tumor inhibition effect

[73]

Macromolecule organic compound

4T1

Anti-miRNA-21, antimiRNA-10b

Polylactic acid-glycolic acid (PLGA)

Extrusion

uPA

Systemic administration showed a strong tumor bias and enhanced the combined antitumor effect of anti-mirNA-21 and anti-mirNA10b

[36]

NK cells

let-7a

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM)

Incubation

Promoted tumor targeting and acted directly as antitumor agents without causing rejection

[74]

Attenuated salmonella

Tegafur

Pluronic micelles F127

Extrusion

DSPE-PEG-RGD

Provided effective protective immunity and inhibited tumor metastasis to the lung

[75]

SKOV3, PC3, HCT-116, Saos-2

Survivin-siRNA

Polyethylenimine (PEI) complex

Ultrasonic + incubation

The knockdown efficiency and storage stability of siRNA were improved, and tumor growth was significantly inhibited

[76]

E. coli Trans T1

PBIBDF-BT + cisplatin

PEG–b-PLGA

Extrusion

Hitchhiked circulating neutrophils and accumulated at the tumor site, completely eradicating residual tumor after PTT

[69]

Macrophage

DOX

PLGA

Extrusion

c-Met peptide

The cell uptake efficiency and antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin were significantly improved, resulting in enhanced inhibition of tumor growth

[77]

Metal nanoparticles

H22

DOX

Bi₂Se₃

Electroporation

Combining photothermal therapy with low-dose in vivo chemotherapy produced significant synergistic antitumor effects

[78]

hpMSCs

Hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNs)

Incubation

Combined with the targeting ability of cell membranes and the infrared light absorption properties of HGN, HGN eliminated primary and metastatic tumors in vivo

[79]

MCF-7

Ultrasmall 2D vanadium carbide quantum dots (V2C QDs)

Electroporation

Arg-Gly-Asp (RDG) peptide

With its biocompatibility, long cycle time, and endosomal escape ability, it can target cells and enter the nucleus to kill tumors

[80]

DC2.4

DOX

HAuCl4

Incubation

Hyperthermia generated by near infrared light induced tumor ablation and triggered drug release, achieving chemophoration-photothermal combined therapy

[70]

MDA-MB-231

Gelonin

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOF)

Ultrasonic + extrusion

Protected proteins from protease digestion and escaped immune system clearance, and selectively targeted homotype tumor sites to promote uptake and voluntary release by tumor cells

[81]

Non-metallic nanoparticles

4T1

ICG + DOX

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs)

Ultrasonic + extrusion

The synergistic effect of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy on breast cancer was realized

[82]

MCF-7

DOX + Mefopanib hydrochloride

Pegylated MSN

Ultrasonic + extrusion

Improved the efficiency of tumor penetration and enhanced intracellular transport

[83]

J774.A.1

ICG + catalase

Glutathione-responsive biodegradable silica nanoparticles

Ultrasonic + extrusion

AS1411 modification of cholesterol conjugate

Improved the hypoxic environment of tumors with blood–brain barrier penetration and cancer cell targeting ability

[84]

Protein

RAW 264.7

Paclitaxel

Albumin

Extrusion

Demonstrated prolonged blood circulation, selective accumulation, and improved antitumor efficacy

[85]

4T1

Si-S100A4

Cationic bovine serum albumin (CBSA)

Incubation + extrusion

Protected siRNA from degradation, and showed good biocompatibility, significantly inhibiting the growth of malignant breast cancer cells

[68]

Raw264.7

Laurate-functionalized Pt (IV) prodrug Pt (lau), human serum albumin (HSA) and lecithin

Ultrasonic

Treated with high-potency Pt chemotherapy for in situ tumors and pulmonary metastatic nodules

[67]

RBC + MCF-7

Melanin granules

Ultrasonic + extrusion

The hybrid membrane nanoparticles had a long cycle, homologous tumor targeting ability, and inherited the photothermal properties and biocompatibility of the melanin core

[86]

Liposome

Mouse platelets

Glucose oxidase + ferric ammonium

Photothermal sensitive liposomes (DPPC:DPPG:Cypate)

Ultrasonic + extrusion

Photothermal therapy produced hydroxyl radicals that can be targeted with enhanced laser irradiation

[87]

Sk-hep1

siCDK1

DPPC

Electroporation + extrusion

Mixed membrane vesicles derived from tumor cells enhanced tumor targeting

[88]

DC2.4

CLT-loaded pegylated liposome

Ultrasonic + extrusion

KRAS mutated tumor cells showed enhanced pinocytosis

[89]

CT26

R837

Photothermal sensitive liposomes (DPPC, DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀, MSPC)

Ultrasonic + extrusion

Enhanced circulatory capacity combined with photothermal therapy and immune adjuvants

[27]

4T1

BMS202 (BMS)

IR780-modified lipid NPs

Solvent diffusion method + extrusion

Stimulated the immune system in response to heat and light

[90]