Fig. 1

Identification and functional verification of circulating exosomes derived from CHD or non-CHD by differential centrifugation. A, B Ultrastructure of CHD-exosomes and non-CHD-exosomes showed approximately spherical morphology with TEM. C, D. Exosome-specific proteins markers were confirmed using nano-flow cytometry (nFCM). E, F Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) showing the size distribution and average concentration of circulating exosomes in CHD and non-CHD. G, I PKH67-labeled exosomes were added to the HUVEC culture medium, and exosomes taken up by the HUVECs were visualized using confocal imaging. J CCK-8 of cell viability. K, M EdU of cell proliferation. Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM; student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01