Fig. 11

a Schematic diagram showing the ion channel processes triggered by ultrasound. Reprinted with permission [14]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature. b The operation process of injecting GVs and applying ultrasound to mice brains. Inset is the TEM image of GVs. c Backscattered signals of GVs irradiated by US (1.0 MHz, 0.28 MPa). d Nerve Ca²⁺ influx degrees stimulated by US and GVs before, during and after the existence of ruthenium red. e Representative images of c-Fos expression level in differently treated mice brains, where GVs injection areas of VTA are inside the white dashed boxes. Inset is the comparation of GVs and c-Fos distribution. Reprinted with permission [44]. Copyright 2021, AAAS