Fig. 13

a Schematic illustration showing the electromechanical constructions of tendons. Obvious differences between tendon cells stimulated by MS and EMS signals in expressing gene operating b certain bioprocesses and c signal channels. d The microarray heatmap indicating the variation of expressing specific protein in different groups. Reprinted with permission [24]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH GmbH. e Schematic diagram showing the structure of the 3-layered PLLA nanofiber scaffold with piezoelectricity and biodegradability. f Immunofluorescent images of type II collagen in green as well as cell nucleus in blue of ADSCs with different treatments. g Micro-CT reconstructed images showing differently-treated subchondral bone regeneration in rabbits. h Reduced modulus differences in the interfaces of regenerated rabbit cartilages with different treatments. Reprinted with permission from [45]. Copyright 2022, AAAS