Fig. 2

a Schematic diagram showing the photothermal-responsive neuromodulation mediated by gold nanorods (GNRs). The built-in figure is the TEM result of NH₂-PEG-GNR. b Spike rates of normal neuronal activities irradiated to periodic NIR. c Mean spike rates of GNR + NIR-treated neurons when TREK-1 channels were blocked. Reprinted with permission [34]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society (ACS). d Mechanism illustration of CuS-TRPV1 in NIR-triggered treatment of atherosclerosis. e Infrared thermal imaging of PBS without and with CuS-TRPV1 after NIR irradiation. f Typical TEM images (Scale bar: 1 μm) of autophagosomes which contains 3 independent wells taken from areas of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) which were treated by CuS-TRPV1 and exposed to NIR for thirty cycles, where the double-membrane of autophagosomes were emphasized by some circles in black. g Typical pictures of a face aortic sample (The aortic arch is in the top part of the dotted box while the thoracic-abdominal aorta is in the lower one). stained by Oil Red O to indicate the lesion area after the treatment of CuS, CuS-TRPV1 and capsaicin (Cap). Reprinted with permission [35]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature