Fig. 3
From: Functional nanoparticle-enabled non-genetic neuromodulation
a Flow diagram showing the development of NIR vision in mouse models by injecting self-powered nanoantennae into sub-retinal areas. b Electroretinograms (ERGs) of mice irradiated to visual and NIR spectra. c Schematic illustration and results of the visual-evoked potential (VEP) captured from several locations in untreated and pbUCNPs-injected mice’ visual cortices irradiated to visual and NIR spectra. Location 4 and 6 situated in the binocular area while the other four belong to the monocular area. d The percentage of mice to simultaneously make proper discrimination among shapes emitting two types of spectra. Reprinted with permission [40]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. e Schematic diagram showing optogenetics mediated by UCNPs + NIR. The inset shows the core–shell structure of the NaYF4:Yb/Tm@SiO2 particle emitting blue light. f Photocurrent generation condition of Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) under the irradiation of NIR for 100 ms. g Experimental schematic diagram and confocal images showing the expression condition of c-Fos in mice’ VTA. Reprinted with permission [39] Copyright 2018, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)