Fig. 6

a Schematic diagram showing Polymer Force Clamp (PFC) assisted force spectroscopy at the level of single biological molecules. Reprinted with permission [63]. Copyright 2018, ACS. b Schematic illustration of optomechanical actuator (OMA), its construction and operation mechanism. Inset is the TEM result of OMA. c Time-lapse total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) results of GFP-paxillin-transfected NIH/3T3 cells which were cultivated on OMA. NIR irradiation areas were inside the white dotted circles. Green spots are RGD peptide inside the cells. d Time-lapse results of the migration behaviors of NIH/3T3 cells stimulated by OMA. e Variation of the fluorescence intensity of Ca²⁺ indicator Fura-2 in OMA + NIR-treated T cells. Reprinted with permission [64]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature