Fig. 7

a Schematic illustration of the heat (red)-triggered opening of TRPV1 in a RF magnetic field (B) achieved by the local temperature rise of superparamagnetic MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles (grey) which are coated by streptavidin-DyLight549 (orange) and connected on the cytomembrane by the AP (green box)-CFP (cyan box)-TM (blue box) protein. b The comparison of a nanoparticle-triggered heating effect of the nanoparticle surface (red, DyLight549 fluorescence) to the solution (green, YFP fluorescence) when it was applied to a RF magnetic field. c The membrane potential of RF magnetic field-treated hippocampal neurons (expressing TRPV1 specifically) which are coated by nanoparticles. d Images of C. elegans’ thermal-avoiding reaction to the remote regulation indicated by the fluorescent intensity of the nanoparticles’ PEG coatings. Reprinted with permission [33]. Copyright 2010, Springer Nature. e Schematic diagram showing the magnetic field-induced temperature increase of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to stimulate TRPV1. f Fluorescence images of differently treated HEK293FT cells. g The number of nerve cells which performed spike in no more than five seconds after magnetic treatment. h Percentage of nerve cells performing mCherry and c-Fos in four differently treated groups. Reprinted with permission [68]. Copyright 2015, AAAS